In Canada, Brucella canis remains a potentially devastating infectious agent that is still considered uncommon, despite the increasing international movement of dogs. There may be a growing risk to the Canadian canine population due to a reliance on outdated seroprevalence studies and the lack of federal regulation. With the complex diagnostic and management challenges associated with Brucella canis, a One Health approach is necessary to address the need for ongoing research, including updating canine and human seroprevalence rates in Canada, elucidating the pathogenesis, and determining the most appropriate treatment and prevention strategies. Clinical management decisions are often complicated by currently available treatment protocols, and health risks to both canine and human populations. This article integrates recent research focusing on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of Brucella canis Genprice Gentaur, and outlines current clinical management approaches.
Although endemic to Canada, Brucella canis is an elusive infectious agent of unknown significance to most practitioners.
- Clinical disease attributed to Brucella canis infection occurs sporadically, reinforcing the perception that the disease is uncommon in Canada compared with other regions of North America such as Mexico and the southeastern USA. Seroprevalence rates in the southeastern USA are estimated to be 7% to 8% .
- Earlier reports from Quebec (1970’s) and southwestern Ontario (1980) still serve as the main Canadian seroprevalence data with rates of 1.6% and 0.3%, respectively . There is currently a paucity of seroprevalence studies in western Canada, but outbreaks have been observed in a Saskatchewan kennel and the Calgary, Alberta area .
- With the unprecedented rates of animals moving across international borders and the lack of federal regulation, canine brucellosis may be changing its geographical distribution. In 1988, a Canadian Veterinary Journal article documented the identification of 2 strains, an American type strain RM66 and a Mexican strain Mex 51, in 11 Brucella canis isolates from Canadian dogs.
- Characterization of the current circulating strains is warranted. Until this information is available, Canadian veterinarians should be aware of the agent and consider it as a reasonable differential diagnosis in appropriate cases, regardless of historical information, or neuter status.
Establishing a diagnosis can be challenging due to the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations reported and the limitations of available diagnostic tests. The intent of this article is to familiarize clinical, public health, and research veterinarians with the etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, course of infection, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and public health aspects of the disease.
Etiology
Bacteria in the genus Brucella are nonmotile, nonencapsulated, non-spore-forming, facultatively intracellular Gram-negative coccobacilli or short rods . Four of the six classical Brucella species are known to cause disease in dogs and humans: Brucella canis (natural reservoir animal is the dog), Brucella melitensis (sheep, goats), Brucella suis (pigs), and Brucella abortus (cattle, bison, buffalo) . The remaining 2 of the 6 classical Brucella species [Brucella neotomae (rodents, desert rats) and Brucella ovis (sheep)] are not associated with disease in dogs. Additional Brucella species including both terrestrial forms (B. microti, B. inopinata) and marine forms (B. maris, B. pinnipediae, B. ceti) are of uncertain pathogenicity to dogs.
Brucella canis was discovered in 1966–1967 during an investigation of abortion in beagles, in which the organism was isolated from aborted tissues and vaginal discharge . Brucella canis was initially thought to be a biotype of Brucella suis based on genotypic and phenotypic similarities . The significance of this distinction is paramount to the Canadian swine industry and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) as Canada is considered free of Brucella suis biovar 3 . Differentiation between Brucella canis and Brucella suis biovar 3 can be challenging . A multiplex conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been optimized to differentiate between these Brucella species .
The host range for Brucella canis is predominantly domestic dogs, but other species have been investigated. Serologic studies of wild canids have documented positive antibody titers in foxes and coyotes . Experimental studies involving conjunctival and oral inoculation of cattle, swine, and sheep with B. canis showed that these host species were highly resistant to B. canis infection, despite 2 field reports of B. canis in cattle . Similarly, oral experimental infection of cats documented transient bacteremia in 3/14 but none developed agglutinating antibody titers .
Transmission Major routes of transmission for this venereally transmitted agent are genital, conjunctival, and oronasal mucosae, as occurs during normal reproductive, social, and grooming activities in dogs .
The primary sources of transmission are reproductive fluids: vaginal discharges and semen. Tissues and fluids associated with the fetus, the placenta, and the vagina after abortion or stillbirth have approximately 106 organisms/mL . Shedding of the organism occurs in vulvar secretions for up to 6 wk after abortion and during estrus . In males, semen has high concentrations of the bacterium for 6 to 8 wk after infection . The agent is then shed intermittently for up to 2 y at lower concentrations in semen which remains an important source of infection for other dogs . The minimum infectious dose is approximately 106 organisms/mL via the oral route and 104 to 105 organisms/mL by the conjunctival route . Minor routes of transmission include in utero, broken skin, blood transfusions, feces, milk, and fomites such as contaminated syringes, vaginoscopes, and artificial insemination equipment .
Brucella bacteria attach to mucous membranes, penetrate the epithelial barrier, and are taken up by the mononuclear phagocytic system, where they reside intracellularly. This is accomplished by utilizing virulence factors presumably via the type IV secretory system, and inhibiting the bactericidal myeloperoxidase-peroxide-halide system through the release of 5-guanosine and adenine .
The intracellular organisms then travel through the reticuloendothelial system to local lymph nodes (retropharyngeal, inguinal, superficial iliac), liver, spleen, and possibly bone marrow. After 7 to 30 d, the bacteria move into the blood stream to cause intermittent bacteremia. The organism targets “steroid-dependent” reproductive tissues, including the prostate, testicles, epididymides, gravid uterus, and placenta . Evaluation of a Saskatchewan kennel outbreak of brucellosis found that the progestational, non-gravid uterus was also a reservoir for the bacterium . A mixed inflammatory response consisting of lymphocytes, plasmacytes, and histiocytes has been observed in these reproductive tissues . Focal coagulative necrosis of the chorionic villi, necrotizing arteritis, and numerous bacteria in trophoblastic epithelial cells can be found in the aborted placenta .
ELISA kit for Human Brucella Antibody IgM (Brucella-Ab-IgM) |
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KTE62702-5platesof96wells | Abbkine | 5 plates of 96 wells | 2702.4 EUR |
ELISA kit for Human Brucella Antibody IgM (Brucella-Ab-IgM) |
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KTE62702-96T | Abbkine | 96T | 686.4 EUR |
ELISA kit for Human Brucella Antibody IgA (Brucella-Ab-IgA) |
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KTE62703-48T | Abbkine | 48T | 424.8 EUR |
ELISA kit for Human Brucella Antibody IgA (Brucella-Ab-IgA) |
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KTE62703-5platesof96wells | Abbkine | 5 plates of 96 wells | 2702.4 EUR |
ELISA kit for Human Brucella Antibody IgA (Brucella-Ab-IgA) |
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KTE62703-96T | Abbkine | 96T | 686.4 EUR |
Human Brucella-Antibody-c,B-AB-c ELISA Kit |
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YLA3789HU-48T | Shanghai YL Biotech | 48T | 435 EUR |
Human Brucella-Antibody-c,B-AB-c ELISA Kit |
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YLA3789HU-96T | Shanghai YL Biotech | 96T | 562.5 EUR |
Human Brucella abortus IgM(Brucella abortus IgM) ELISA Kit |
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YLA3790HU-48T | Shanghai YL Biotech | 48T | 435 EUR |
Human Brucella abortus IgM(Brucella abortus IgM) ELISA Kit |
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YLA3790HU-96T | Shanghai YL Biotech | 96T | 562.5 EUR |
Human Brucella abortus IgG(Brucella abortus IgG) ELISA Kit |
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YLA3791HU-48T | Shanghai YL Biotech | 48T | 435 EUR |
Human Brucella abortus IgG(Brucella abortus IgG) ELISA Kit |
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YLA3791HU-96T | Shanghai YL Biotech | 96T | 562.5 EUR |
Human Brucella abortus IgG(Brucella abortus IgG)ELISA Kit |
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YLA3899HU-48T | Shanghai YL Biotech | 48T | 435 EUR |
Human Brucella abortus IgG(Brucella abortus IgG)ELISA Kit |
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YLA3899HU-96T | Shanghai YL Biotech | 96T | 562.5 EUR |
Brucella spp. PCR kit |
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PCR-VH200-48D | Bioingentech | 50T | 543.6 EUR |
Brucella spp. PCR kit |
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PCR-VH200-96D | Bioingentech | 100T | 686.4 EUR |
Brucella suis PCR kit |
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PCR-H503-48D | Bioingentech | 50T | 543.6 EUR |
Brucella suis PCR kit |
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PCR-H503-96D | Bioingentech | 100T | 686.4 EUR |
Brucella ovis PCR kit |
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PCR-V317-48D | Bioingentech | 50T | 543.6 EUR |
Brucella ovis PCR kit |
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PCR-V317-96D | Bioingentech | 100T | 686.4 EUR |
Cow Brucella ELISA Kit |
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abx055570-96tests | Abbexa | 96 tests | 801.6 EUR |
Brucella IgG ELISA Kit |
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DEIA320 | Creative Diagnostics | 96T | 733.2 EUR |
Brucella IgA ELISA Kit |
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DEIA321 | Creative Diagnostics | 96T | 733.2 EUR |
Brucella IgM ELISA Kit |
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DEIA322 | Creative Diagnostics | 96T | 733.2 EUR |
Brucella canis PCR kit |
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PCR-VH075-48D | Bioingentech | 50T | 543.6 EUR |
Brucella canis PCR kit |
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PCR-VH075-96D | Bioingentech | 100T | 686.4 EUR |
Brucella IgG ELISA Kit |
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E4709-100 | Biovision | each | 810 EUR |
Brucella IgM ELISA Kit |
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E4710-100 | Biovision | each | 810 EUR |
Brucella abortus PCR kit |
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PCR-VH184-48D | Bioingentech | 50T | 543.6 EUR |
Brucella abortus PCR kit |
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PCR-VH184-96D | Bioingentech | 100T | 686.4 EUR |
Brucella spp. RT PCR kit |
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RTq-VH200-100D | Bioingentech | 100T | 860.4 EUR |
Brucella spp. RT PCR kit |
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RTq-VH200-150D | Bioingentech | 150T | 969.6 EUR |
Brucella spp. RT PCR kit |
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RTq-VH200-50D | Bioingentech | 50T | 717.6 EUR |
QPCR Kit DNA Brucella ge |
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MOL6622 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 1045.79 EUR |
Brucella suis RT PCR kit |
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RTq-H503-100D | Bioingentech | 100T | 860.4 EUR |
Brucella suis RT PCR kit |
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RTq-H503-150D | Bioingentech | 150T | 969.6 EUR |
Brucella suis RT PCR kit |
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RTq-H503-50D | Bioingentech | 50T | 717.6 EUR |
Brucella ovis RT PCR kit |
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RTq-V317-100D | Bioingentech | 100T | 860.4 EUR |
Brucella ovis RT PCR kit |
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RTq-V317-150D | Bioingentech | 150T | 969.6 EUR |
Brucella ovis RT PCR kit |
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RTq-V317-50D | Bioingentech | 50T | 717.6 EUR |
Brucella melitensis PCR kit |
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PCR-V205-48D | Bioingentech | 50T | 543.6 EUR |
Brucella melitensis PCR kit |
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PCR-V205-96D | Bioingentech | 100T | 686.4 EUR |
Brucella Antibody ELISA Kit |
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RK04106 | Abclonal | 96T | 625.2 EUR |
Brucella canis RT PCR kit |
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RTq-VH075-100D | Bioingentech | 100T | 860.4 EUR |
Brucella canis RT PCR kit |
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RTq-VH075-150D | Bioingentech | 150T | 969.6 EUR |
Brucella canis RT PCR kit |
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RTq-VH075-50D | Bioingentech | 50T | 717.6 EUR |
BRUCELLA AGAR |
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B02-119-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | 1756.8 EUR |
BRUCELLA AGAR |
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B02-119-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | 428.4 EUR |
BRUCELLA AGAR |
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B02-119-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | 160.8 EUR |
Brucella abortus RT PCR kit |
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RTq-VH184-100D | Bioingentech | 100T | 860.4 EUR |
Brucella abortus RT PCR kit |
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RTq-VH184-150D | Bioingentech | 150T | 969.6 EUR |
Brucella abortus RT PCR kit |
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RTq-VH184-50D | Bioingentech | 50T | 717.6 EUR |
BRUCELLA BROTH |
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B02-120-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | 1340.4 EUR |
BRUCELLA BROTH |
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B02-120-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | 338.4 EUR |
BRUCELLA BROTH |
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B02-120-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | 135.6 EUR |
ELISA kit for Sheep Brucella Kit |
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KTE110085-48T | Abbkine | 48T | 424.8 EUR |
ELISA kit for Sheep Brucella Kit |
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KTE110085-5platesof96wells | Abbkine | 5 plates of 96 wells | 2702.4 EUR |
ELISA kit for Sheep Brucella Kit |
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KTE110085-96T | Abbkine | 96T | 686.4 EUR |
QPCR Kit DNA Brucella abortus |
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MOL6686 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 1004.01 EUR |
Brucella abortus IgA ELISA kit |
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55R-IB79210 | Fitzgerald | 96 wells | 379.2 EUR |
Brucella abortus IgG ELISA kit |
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55R-IB79211 | Fitzgerald | 96 wells | 396 EUR |
Brucella abortus IgM ELISA kit |
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55R-IB79212 | Fitzgerald | 96 wells | 379.2 EUR |
Brucella melitensis RT PCR kit |
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RTq-V205-100D | Bioingentech | 100T | 860.4 EUR |
Brucella melitensis RT PCR kit |
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RTq-V205-150D | Bioingentech | 150T | 969.6 EUR |
Brucella melitensis RT PCR kit |
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RTq-V205-50D | Bioingentech | 50T | 717.6 EUR |
Cow Brucella Antibody ELISA Kit |
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abx364922-96tests | Abbexa | 96 tests | 895.2 EUR |
QPCR Kit DNA Brucella abortMmix |
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MOL6688 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 1274.27 EUR |
Brucella IgM Antibody ELISA Kit |
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RK04107 | Abclonal | 96T | 625.2 EUR |
Goat Brucella Antibody ELISA Kit |
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abx364917-96tests | Abbexa | 96 tests | 764.4 EUR |
Brucella abortus S19RB51 PCR kit |
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PCR-V212-48D | Bioingentech | 50T | 543.6 EUR |
Brucella abortus S19RB51 PCR kit |
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PCR-V212-96D | Bioingentech | 100T | 686.4 EUR |
Brucella spp. One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-VH200-100D | Bioingentech | 100T | 1039.2 EUR |
Brucella spp. One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-VH200-150D | Bioingentech | 150T | 1177.2 EUR |
Brucella spp. One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-VH200-50D | Bioingentech | 50T | 861.6 EUR |
RealScreen Brucella IgG ELISA Kit |
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EL002-096 | GenDepot | 96T | 1064.4 EUR |
RealScreen Brucella IgM ELISA Kit |
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EL003-096 | GenDepot | 96T | 1064.4 EUR |
RecomBac Mouse Brucella abortus BP26 Protein IgG ELISA kit, 96 tests, Quantitative |
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RB-500440-1 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1 kit | 781.2 EUR |
QPCR Kit DNA Brucella genus Mmix |
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MOL6624 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 1333.02 EUR |
Brucella ovis One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-V317-100D | Bioingentech | 100T | 1039.2 EUR |
Brucella ovis One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-V317-150D | Bioingentech | 150T | 1177.2 EUR |
Brucella ovis One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-V317-50D | Bioingentech | 50T | 861.6 EUR |
Brucella suis One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-H503-100D | Bioingentech | 100T | 1039.2 EUR |
Brucella suis One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-H503-150D | Bioingentech | 150T | 1177.2 EUR |
Brucella suis One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-H503-50D | Bioingentech | 50T | 861.6 EUR |
Brucella Agar 500gm |
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211086 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 224.4 EUR |
Brucella canis One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-VH075-100D | Bioingentech | 100T | 1039.2 EUR |
Brucella canis One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-VH075-150D | Bioingentech | 150T | 1177.2 EUR |
Brucella canis One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-VH075-50D | Bioingentech | 50T | 861.6 EUR |
Brucella Broth 500gm |
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211088 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 178.8 EUR |
Pig brucella antibody (IgG) ELISA kit |
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CSB-EQ027847PI-24T | Cusabio | 1 plate of 24 wells | 198 EUR |
Pig brucella antibody (IgG) ELISA kit |
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1-CSB-EQ027847PI | Cusabio |
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Brucella abortus One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-VH184-100D | Bioingentech | 100T | 1039.2 EUR |
Brucella abortus One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-VH184-150D | Bioingentech | 150T | 1177.2 EUR |
Brucella abortus One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-VH184-50D | Bioingentech | 50T | 861.6 EUR |
ELISA kit for Pig Brucella Antibody |
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KTE80242-48T | Abbkine | 48T | 424.8 EUR |
ELISA kit for Pig Brucella Antibody |
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KTE80242-5platesof96wells | Abbkine | 5 plates of 96 wells | 2702.4 EUR |
ELISA kit for Pig Brucella Antibody |
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KTE80242-96T | Abbkine | 96T | 686.4 EUR |
Brucella abortus S19RB51 RT PCR kit |
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RTq-V212-100D | Bioingentech | 100T | 860.4 EUR |
Brucella abortus S19RB51 RT PCR kit |
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RTq-V212-150D | Bioingentech | 150T | 969.6 EUR |
Brucella abortus S19RB51 RT PCR kit |
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RTq-V212-50D | Bioingentech | 50T | 717.6 EUR |
ELISA kit for Goat Brucella Antibody |
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KTE50037-48T | Abbkine | 48T | 424.8 EUR |
ELISA kit for Goat Brucella Antibody |
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KTE50037-5platesof96wells | Abbkine | 5 plates of 96 wells | 2702.4 EUR |
ELISA kit for Goat Brucella Antibody |
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KTE50037-96T | Abbkine | 96T | 686.4 EUR |
Human brucella antibody (IgM) ELISA kit |
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CSB-EQ027536HU-24T | Cusabio | 1 plate of 24 wells | 198 EUR |
Human brucella antibody (IgM) ELISA kit |
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1-CSB-EQ027536HU | Cusabio |
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Human Brucella Antibody (IgG) ELISA Kit |
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CSB-E05020h-24T | Cusabio | 1 plate of 24 wells | 198 EUR |
Human Brucella Antibody (IgG) ELISA Kit |
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1-CSB-E05020h | Cusabio |
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ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella abortus |
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KTE10447-48T | Abbkine | 48T | 424.8 EUR |
ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella abortus |
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KTE10447-5platesof96wells | Abbkine | 5 plates of 96 wells | 2702.4 EUR |
ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella abortus |
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KTE10447-96T | Abbkine | 96T | 686.4 EUR |
ELISA kit for Sheep Brucella Antibody |
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KTE110086-48T | Abbkine | 48T | 424.8 EUR |
ELISA kit for Sheep Brucella Antibody |
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KTE110086-5platesof96wells | Abbkine | 5 plates of 96 wells | 2702.4 EUR |
ELISA kit for Sheep Brucella Antibody |
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KTE110086-96T | Abbkine | 96T | 686.4 EUR |
ELISA kit for Canine Brucella Antibody Kit |
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KTE20141-48T | Abbkine | 48T | 424.8 EUR |
ELISA kit for Canine Brucella Antibody Kit |
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KTE20141-5platesof96wells | Abbkine | 5 plates of 96 wells | 2702.4 EUR |
ELISA kit for Canine Brucella Antibody Kit |
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KTE20141-96T | Abbkine | 96T | 686.4 EUR |
Brucella melitensis One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-V205-100D | Bioingentech | 100T | 1039.2 EUR |
Brucella melitensis One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-V205-150D | Bioingentech | 150T | 1177.2 EUR |
Brucella melitensis One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-V205-50D | Bioingentech | 50T | 861.6 EUR |
ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella Antibody |
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KTE10440-48T | Abbkine | 48T | 424.8 EUR |
ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella Antibody |
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KTE10440-5platesof96wells | Abbkine | 5 plates of 96 wells | 2702.4 EUR |
ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella Antibody |
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KTE10440-96T | Abbkine | 96T | 686.4 EUR |
Bovine Brucella(Antibody) |
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QY-E60093 | Qayee Biotechnology | 96T | 511.2 EUR |
Brucella abortus antibody |
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10-1033 | Fitzgerald | 1 mg | 830.4 EUR |
Brucella abortus antibody |
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10-1034 | Fitzgerald | 1 mg | 830.4 EUR |
Human Brucella IgG ELISA Kit (Direct EIA) |
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EK7021 | BosterBio | 96wells/kit, with removable strips. | 573.6 EUR |
Human Brucella IgM ELISA Kit (Direct EIA) |
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EK7022 | BosterBio | 96wells/kit, with removable strips. | 573.6 EUR |
Brucella abortus S19RB51 One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-V212-100D | Bioingentech | 100T | 1039.2 EUR |
Brucella abortus S19RB51 One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-V212-150D | Bioingentech | 150T | 1177.2 EUR |
Brucella abortus S19RB51 One-Step PCR kit |
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Oneq-V212-50D | Bioingentech | 50T | 861.6 EUR |
Brucella Antibody (IgG) (Pig) ELISA Kit (OKCA00561) |
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OKCA00561 | Aviva Systems Biology | 96 Wells | 1195.2 EUR |
ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella abortus Antibody |
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KTE10446-48T | Abbkine | 48T | 424.8 EUR |
ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella abortus Antibody |
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KTE10446-5platesof96wells | Abbkine | 5 plates of 96 wells | 2702.4 EUR |
ELISA kit for Bovine Brucella abortus Antibody |
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KTE10446-96T | Abbkine | 96T | 686.4 EUR |
Brucella Abortus, Intact Cells Antibody |
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abx021561-1mg | Abbexa | 1 mg | 961.2 EUR |
Brucella Abortus, Intact Cells Antibody |
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abx021562-1mg | Abbexa | 1 mg | 961.2 EUR |
Mouse antibody for Brucella abortus LPS |
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3531 | Virostat | 100 ug | 386.26 EUR |
Mouse antibody for Brucella abortus LPS |
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3535 | Virostat | 100 ug | 386.26 EUR |
Brucella abortus Malate dehydrogenase (mdh) |
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1-CSB-EP013623BWR | Cusabio |
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Mouse Anti Brucella Abortus Monoclonal Antibody |
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DMABT-51110MB | Creative Diagnostics | 0.2 mg | 889.2 EUR |
Mouse Anti Brucella Abortus Monoclonal Antibody |
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DMABT-51111MB | Creative Diagnostics | 0.2 mg | 889.2 EUR |
Mouse Anti Brucella Abortus Monoclonal Antibody |
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DMABT-51112MB | Creative Diagnostics | 0.2 mg | 889.2 EUR |
Mouse Anti Brucella Abortus Monoclonal Antibody |
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DMABT-51113MB | Creative Diagnostics | 0.2 mg | 889.2 EUR |
Mouse Anti Brucella Abortus Monoclonal Antibody |
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DMABT-51114MB | Creative Diagnostics | 0.2 mg | 889.2 EUR |
Mouse Anti Brucella Abortus Monoclonal Antibody |
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DMABT-51115MB | Creative Diagnostics | 0.2 mg | 852 EUR |
Mouse Anti Brucella Abortus Monoclonal Antibody |
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DMABT-51116MB | Creative Diagnostics | 0.1 mg | 920.4 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Ovis BOV_0999 Protein (aa 1-357) |
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VAng-Lsx5505-inquire | Creative Biolabs | inquire | Ask for price |
Recombinant Brucella Ovis lgt Protein (aa 1-281) |
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VAng-Lsx5510-inquire | Creative Biolabs | inquire | Ask for price |
Recombinant Brucella Ovis BOV_0867 Protein (aa 1-402) |
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VAng-Lsx5531-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 5984.4 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Ovis BOV_0867 Protein (aa 1-402) |
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VAng-Lsx5531-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | 4047.6 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Ovis BOV_0867 Protein (aa 1-402) |
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VAng-Lsx5531-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | 2755.2 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis lgt Protein (aa 1-281) |
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VAng-Lsx5545-inquire | Creative Biolabs | inquire | Ask for price |
Recombinant Brucella Suis mdh Protein (aa 1-320) |
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VAng-Lsx5560-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 5311.2 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis mdh Protein (aa 1-320) |
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VAng-Lsx5560-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | 3597.6 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis mdh Protein (aa 1-320) |
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VAng-Lsx5560-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | 2446.8 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis alr Protein (aa 1-396) |
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VAng-Lsx5568-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 5929.2 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis alr Protein (aa 1-396) |
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VAng-Lsx5568-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | 4005.6 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis alr Protein (aa 1-396) |
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VAng-Lsx5568-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | 2727.6 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis pgk Protein (aa 1-395) |
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VAng-Lsx5571-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 5929.2 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis pgk Protein (aa 1-395) |
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VAng-Lsx5571-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | 4005.6 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis pgk Protein (aa 1-395) |
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VAng-Lsx5571-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | 2727.6 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis xfp Protein (aa 1-789) |
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VAng-Lsx5581-inquire | Creative Biolabs | inquire | Ask for price |
Recombinant Brucella Suis bfr Protein (aa 1-161) |
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VAng-Lsx5587-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 4131.6 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis bfr Protein (aa 1-161) |
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VAng-Lsx5587-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | 2798.4 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis bfr Protein (aa 1-161) |
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VAng-Lsx5587-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | 1912.8 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis era Protein (aa 1-311) |
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VAng-Lsx5593-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 5254.8 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis era Protein (aa 1-311) |
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VAng-Lsx5593-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | 3555.6 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis era Protein (aa 1-311) |
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VAng-Lsx5593-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | 2419.2 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis apt Protein (aa 1-181) |
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VAng-Lsx5601-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 4257.6 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis apt Protein (aa 1-181) |
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VAng-Lsx5601-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | 2882.4 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis apt Protein (aa 1-181) |
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VAng-Lsx5601-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | 1969.2 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis gpt Protein (aa 1-165) |
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VAng-Lsx5605-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 4173.6 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis gpt Protein (aa 1-165) |
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VAng-Lsx5605-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | 2826 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis gpt Protein (aa 1-165) |
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VAng-Lsx5605-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | 1927.2 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis tam Protein (aa 1-255) |
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VAng-Lsx5619-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 4819.2 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis tam Protein (aa 1-255) |
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VAng-Lsx5619-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | 3261.6 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis tam Protein (aa 1-255) |
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VAng-Lsx5619-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | 2222.4 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis dap Protein (aa 1-518) |
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VAng-Lsx5638-inquire | Creative Biolabs | inquire | Ask for price |
Recombinant Brucella Suis upp Protein (aa 1-208) |
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VAng-Lsx5658-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 3794.4 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis upp Protein (aa 1-208) |
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VAng-Lsx5658-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | 2572.8 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis upp Protein (aa 1-208) |
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VAng-Lsx5658-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | 1759.2 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis tsf Protein (aa 1-305) |
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VAng-Lsx5671-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 5212.8 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis tsf Protein (aa 1-305) |
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VAng-Lsx5671-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | 3528 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis tsf Protein (aa 1-305) |
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VAng-Lsx5671-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | 2404.8 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis pth Protein (aa 1-250) |
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VAng-Lsx5672-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 4791.6 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis pth Protein (aa 1-250) |
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VAng-Lsx5672-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | 3232.8 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis pth Protein (aa 1-250) |
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VAng-Lsx5672-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | 2208 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis efp Protein (aa 1-186) |
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VAng-Lsx5680-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 4286.4 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis efp Protein (aa 1-186) |
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VAng-Lsx5680-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | 2910 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis efp Protein (aa 1-186) |
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VAng-Lsx5680-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | 1983.6 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis fmt Protein (aa 1-306) |
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VAng-Lsx5690-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 5212.8 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis fmt Protein (aa 1-306) |
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VAng-Lsx5690-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | 3528 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis fmt Protein (aa 1-306) |
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VAng-Lsx5690-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | 2404.8 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis tal Protein (aa 1-217) |
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VAng-Lsx5695-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 4538.4 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis tal Protein (aa 1-217) |
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VAng-Lsx5695-500gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 500 µg (E. coli) | 3079.2 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis tal Protein (aa 1-217) |
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VAng-Lsx5695-50gEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 50 µg (E. coli) | 2096.4 EUR |
Recombinant Brucella Suis hfq Protein (aa 1-78) |
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VAng-Lsx5713-1mgEcoli | Creative Biolabs | 1 mg (E. coli) | 3457.2 EUR |
Non-reproductive body systems become affected as the bacteremia spreads organisms and antibody-antigen complexes to the end-arterial circulation of the intervertebral disk (discospondylitis), or the eye (anterior uveitis or endophthal-mitis) . Interestingly, in experimentally infected dogs, immunosuppression with glucocorticoids or anti-lymphocyte serum may increase susceptibility to initial infection, but does not appear to alter the severity of disease or the course of infection . Elucidation of this organism’s role in idiopathic inflammatory conditions such as meningoencephalitis, panniculitis, lymphadenitis, hepatitis, and splenitis should be given due consideration by future research initiatives.